B7 ligands are the most critical costimulatory molecules that regulate T cell responses. Although these molecules are mainly expressed on professional antigen presenting cells, they may also be expressed on tumor cells. ...

Oncogenic activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is frequently seen in breast cancer. Inhibition of signaling pathway by PI3K inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and/or monoclonal antibodies causes increase in ...

Glucocorticoid receptor overexpression leads to poor prognosis in breast cancer, particularly in triple negative phenotype. This poor prognosis has been shown to be due to the activation of SGK1 (serum and glucocorticoid ...

Background: Increased adiposity may trigger signalling pathways that induce aromatase expression. As aromatase inhibitors exert their effects by blocking the aromatase enzyme, higher body mass index (BMI) can reduce the ...

PURPOSE: The relation between higher body mass index (BMI) and pathological complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in breast cancer (BC) is a controversial issue according to the data of Western and ...

Background:Body mass index (BMI) is defined as a poor prognostic factor in patients with breast cancer(BC). However, there are controversial results regarding the various effects of BMI on BC, hence the exactpathophysiology ...

Background: Current understanding of hemostatic systems enables us to better explore the enigmatic pathobiology of tamoxifen (TAM)-induced thrombotic diathesis. We have therefore aimed to assess the hemostatic changes in ...