This research is aimed at examining the effects of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), multiple imputation (MI) and expectation maximization (EM), which are methods of coping with missing data, on the differential item ...

The purpose of this research was to determine whether the multiple-choice items in the mathematics and science subtests at the 4th grade level in the TIMSS 2019 test show Differential Item Function (DIF) by gender and ...