The purpose of this research study is to identify items with culture-related and/or gender-related differential item functioning (DIF), and examine the level of DIF manifested among a set of binary-scored science items ...

The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is DIF in the PISA 2015 reading section items from Singapore, Australia and the United States by employing the Mantel-Haenszel and the Logistic Regression methods. ...