High frequency (HF) electromagnetic wave propagation is important for long distance communication. In HF, the medium for wave propagation is the ionosphere layer of the atmosphere. Ionosphere, which is composed of ...

Ionosphere is an anisotropic, dispersive and inhomogenous region of atmosphere whose spatio-temporal trends have an important affect on satellite based systems and HF communication. The variability in the temporal and ...

Ionosphere has a great importance on radio wave propagation. Thanks to the high electron density it contains, it forms reflective ionosphere layers. Ionosphere enables High Frequency (HF) Communication by reflecting radio ...

Short Wave (KD), which is in the frequency range of 3-30 MHz, radio wave propagation is one of the important methods used for long distance communication. It uses ionosphere and earth to transmit system communication signal. ...