The theoretical reason for the presence of differential item functioning (DIF) is that data are multidimensional and two groups of examinees differ in their underlying ability distribution for the secondary dimension(s). ...

Reality shock is experienced mostly by novice teachers in transitioning to profession when they are confronted with a gap between what they learned during their education and the reality awaiting them within the early years ...

The purpose of this study was to examine the developmental psychology sections of the most commonly used educational psychology textbooks with respect to; their use of politically correct language, epistemological styles, ...